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Federal Court |
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Cour fédérale |
Ottawa, Ontario, September 22, 2009
PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Beaudry
BETWEEN:
Applicant
and
and Emergency Preparedness
Respondent
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT
[1] This is an application for judicial review of a decision of the Immigration Appeal Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (the IAD) pursuant to subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27 (the Act), brought by Anila Gjoka (the Applicant) seeking to set aside the IAD decision that the Applicant is subject to section 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, S.O.R./2002-227 (the Regulations).
Issue
[2] The present application raises the following issue:
(a) Did the IAD err in law when it rendered its decision in allowing the Minister's appeal and finding that no Transitional Provisions applied which would allow Entrepreneur conditions under the former Immigration Act and the Immigration Regulations, 1978 be imposed after the coming into force of the Act?
[3] The application for judicial review shall be allowed for the following reasons.
Factual Background
[4] Anila Gjoka was born in Albania and is a citizen of that country. On November 23, 1996, she married Kastriot Gjoka. The Applicant is now divorced. She and Mr. Gjoka have an eight year old Canadian born son.
[5] In February 2001, Mr. Gjoka applied for permanent resident status in Canada under the entrepreneur category. The Applicant was included in that application as a dependant. Both were issued immigrant visas on February 4, 2003. The Applicant was landed at Douglas, British Columbia on March 15, 2003.
[6] This situation is particular as the application for permanent residency was made under the former Act but the resident visa was issued after the coming into force of the current Act. The Confirmation of Permanent Residence signed by the Applicant on March 15, 2003 contained a provision that the terms and conditions set out in the Immigration Regulations, 1978, S.O.R./78-172, S.O.R./93-44 at section 17 (the former Regulations) must be met as set out in the attachment to the form. The attachment to the form set out the conditions and terms under section 98 of the current Regulations. This distinguishes the Applicant’s case from that of Kastriot Gjoka (IMM-1395-09). In his case, the attachment set out the terms under the former regulations.
[7] In 2008, a report was made, pursuant to subsection 41(1) of the Act, alleging that Mr. Gjoka had failed to comply with the terms and conditions of his landing. A report was also made alleging that the Applicant was inadmissible for reason of failure to comply with the conditions. At the admissibility hearing, the ID found that the conditions imposed on the Applicant were those of section 98 of the Regulations and as such the subsection 44(1) report based on the former Regulations could not be sustained. The Respondent appealed the ID decision to the IAD.
Decision Under Review
[8] The IAD accepted the conclusion that the Applicant is subject to the conditions set out in section 98 of the Regulations and referred the matter back to the ID to determine whether or not the Applicant had met the conditions imposed under the Act.
Relevant Legislation
[9] The pertinent legislative provisions are provided below in Appendix A.
The Applicant’s Arguments
[10] The Applicant argues that the IAD made an error in law by determining that the Applicant’s permanent residency is subject to the conditions under section 98 of the Regulations.
[11] The Applicant argues that as the current Regulations were in effect when the immigration visa was issued but the Confirmation of Permanent Residence set out the conditions being imposed as those of the former Regulations, consequently the Applicant was landed without any conditions.
[12] The Applicant also argues that even if the IAD was correct in its determination of law, the appeal should have been dismissed as the report alleging failure to meet the conditions set out under the former Regulations is invalid.
The Respondent’s Arguments
[13] The Respondent argues that the IAD erred in law in concluding that the Applicant is subject to the conditions set out in section 98 of the current Regulations.
[14] The Respondent argues that the transitional scheme in the Act allows for the conditions under section 23 of the former Regulations to be imposed on individuals who applied under the former Act but landed under the current Act.
[15] It emphasizes on the transitional provisions under the current Act which allowed for applicants in the economic categories, in this case entrepreneurs, to be assessed using the factors of either the former Immigration Act or the Act, thus allowing conditions from the former Regulations to be imposed.
Analysis
Did the IAD err in law when it rendered its decision in allowing the Minister's appeal and finding that no Transitional Provisions applied which would allow Entrepreneur conditions under the former Immigration Act and the Immigration Regulations, 1978 be imposed after the coming into force of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA)?
[16] This is a legal issue to which a standard of review of correctness is to be applied (Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190 at paragraphs 50, 51, 54 and 55).
[17] To begin, a brief overview of the legislation scheme might be helpful. The current Act came into effect on June 28, 2002. The former Act was repealed when the current Act came into force (s. 274).
[18] Under the current Act, applicants for permanent residence status can apply under an economic class; included in that category are entrepreneurs (subsection 12(2)). Section 88 of the Regulations defines an “entrepreneur” and section 98 sets out the conditions that must be met by an entrepreneur who becomes a permanent resident. In order to meet these conditions, the entrepreneur must, for a period of at least one year within the period of three years after the day on which they become a permanent resident, control a percentage of the equity of a qualifying Canadian business equal to or greater than 33 1/3 per cent; provide active and ongoing management of the business; and create at least one full-time job for Canadian citizens or permanent residents, other than the entrepreneur and their family members (subsections 98(1) to (3)).
[19] Under the former Act, it was also possible for permanent residents to apply under an economic category as an entrepreneur. However the definition and the conditions to be met under the former Regulations were different (s. 23).
[20] The current Act does provide however a transitional scheme in order to address the issue of applications that were made before its coming into force. It creates a general rule that all applications, proceedings and matters that were pending or in progress before the coming into force of the Act are to be governed by it upon it coming into force (s. 190). The legislation also allows for regulations to govern issues arising in the transition from the former to the current Act (s. 201).
[21] Regulations were enacted under the current Act regarding the assessment of applicants under the economic classes, including entrepreneurs. The Regulations provide that, until March 31, 2003, applicants who applied before January 1, 2002, were to be assessed under the former Regulations (subsection 361(3)).
[22] Following further changes to the Regulations, for applicants in the entrepreneur category who had applied before January 1, 2002 and whose applications were still pending on December 1, 2003, assessment would be based on either the former or the current regulations thus allowing for the most favourable assessment to be used (s. 361(5.1)).
[23] Finally, section 363 of the current Regulations provides that section 98 of the same does not apply in respect of an entrepreneur who was issued an immigrant visa under the former Regulations.
[24] The Respondent argues that the effect of section 363 of the current Regulations is that applicants assessed under the former Regulations must meet the terms and conditions under those Regulations.
[25] In the case at bar, there is no issue to the fact that the Applicant was assessed under the former Regulations.
[26] Because of the Transitional Provisions and section 318 of the current Regulations, the Court finds that Entrepreneur class selected applicants under the former Immigration Act are required to comply with post-admission to Canada terms and condition as set out in paragraphs 23(a) to (d) of the former Immigration Regulations.
[27] The Court agrees with paragraphs 41, 42, 43 and 44 of the Respondent’s Further Memorandum of Argument. The interpretation of the Transitional Provisions by the IAD is too restrictive. It implies that section 98 of the current Regulations can be applied retroactively to Entrepreneur applicants who filed their application prior to January 1, 2002, were assessed and issued visas as Entrepreneur under the former Immigration Act and Regulations. Nothing in the Act, the current Regulations or the Transitional Provisions support such a proposition.
[28] As for the Applicant’s argument that she was landed without any conditions due the incorrect statement on her Confirmation of Permanent Residence that she was subject to the former Regulations, the Applicant had not provided any foundation in the legislation or case law to support this position.
[29] The IAD was correct when it allowed the Minister's appeal but made a reviewable error when it determined that no legislative authority applied which would allow Entrepreneur conditions under the former Immigration Act and the Immigration Regulations, 1978 be imposed after the coming into force of the Act.
[30] The Applicant proposes the following questions for certification:
1. Where an entrepreneur applicant filed his application prior to January 1, 2002 and the selection decision was made and the immigration visa was issued after June 28, 2002, do the conditions set out in section 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations SOR/2002-227 apply to him.
2. If the conditions set out in section 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations are applicable, are they imposed on the entrepreneur by operation of law or must they be imposed by an immigration officer, when the entrepreneur becomes a permanent resident.
[31] The Respondent proposes the following question for certification and alleges that it is more relevant and determinative of the issue in the case at bar:
Where an entrepreneur applicant filed his visa application prior to January 1, 2002, do Transitional Provisions under Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations and specifically section 363 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, apply to an entrepreneur applicant, who was assessed as an Entrepreneur within the meaning of s 2 (1), and s. 8 of the former Immigration Regulations, 1978, and issued a visa after the coming into force of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to allow terms and conditions pursuant to s. 23.1 of the Immigration Regulations, 1978 to be imposed on the entrepreneur as a condition of landing.
[32] The Court is of the opinion that due to its determination in the present case, it is unnecessary to certify any of the above-mentioned questions.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT ORDERS that the application for judicial review be allowed. The matter is remitted back for a redetermination by a newly appointed panel. No question is certified.
APPENDIX A
Immigration Regulations, 1978, S.O.R./78-172, S.O.R./93-44 at s. 17 (the former Regulations):
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23.1(1) Entrepreneurs and their dependents are prescribed as a class of immigrants in respect of which landing shall be granted subject to the condition that, within a period of not more than two years after the date of an entrepreneur’s landing, the entrepreneur
(a) establishes, purchases or makes a substantial investment in a business or commercial venture in Canada so as to make a significant contribution to the economy and whereby employment opportunities in Canada are created or continued for one or more Canadian citizens or permanent residents, other than the entrepreneur and the entrepreneur’s dependants;
(b) participates actively and on an on-going basis in the management of the business or commercial venture referred to in paragraph (a);
(c) furnishes, at the times and places specified by an immigration officer, evidence of efforts to comply with the terms and conditions imposed pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b); and
(d) furnishes, at the time and place specified by an immigration officer, evidence of compliance with the terms and conditions imposed pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b); |
23.1(1) Les entrepreneurs et les personnes à leur charge constituent une catégorie réglementaire d’immigrants à l’égard desquels il est obligatoire d’imposer les conditions suivantes au droit d’établissement:
a) dans un délai d’au plus deux ans après la date à laquelle le droit d’établissement lui est accordé, l’entrepreneur établit ou achète au Canada une entreprise ou un commerce, ou y investit une somme importante, de façon à contribuer d’une manière significative à la vie économique et à permettre à au moins un citoyen canadien ou un résident permanent, à l’exclusion de lui-même et des personnes à sa charge, d’obtenir ou de conserver un emploi;
b) dans un délai d’au plus deux ans après la date à laquelle le droit d’établissement lui est accordé, l’entrepreneur participe activement et régulièrement à la gestion de l’entreprise ou au commerce visé à l’alinéa a);
c) dans un délai d’au plus deux ans après la date à laquelle le droit d’établissement lui est accordé, l’entrepreneur fournit, aux dates, heures et lieux indiqués par l’agent d’immigration, la preuve qu’il s’est efforcé de se conformer aux conditions imposées aux termes des alinéas a) et b);
d) dans un délai d’au plus deux ans après la date à laquelle le droit d’établissement lui est accordé, l’entrepreneur fournit, à la date, à l’heure et au lieu indiqués par l’agent d’immigration, la preuve qu’il s’est conformé aux conditions imposées aux termes des alinéas a) et b).
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Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27
Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, S.O.R./2002-227.
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88. (1) The definitions in this subsection. “entrepreneur” means a foreign national who
(a) has business experience;
(b) has a legally obtained minimum net worth; and
(c) provides a written statement to an officer that they intend and will be able to meet the conditions referred to in subsections 98(1) to (5).
98. (1) Subject to subsection (2), an entrepreneur who becomes a permanent resident must meet the following conditions:
(a) the entrepreneur must control a percentage of the equity of a qualifying Canadian business equal to or greater than 33 1/3 per cent; (b) the entrepreneur must provide active and ongoing management of the qualifying Canadian business; and
(c) the entrepreneur must create at least one incremental full-time job equivalent in the qualifying Canadian business for Canadian citizens or permanent residents, other than the entrepreneur and their family members.
(3) The entrepreneur must meet the conditions for a period of at least one year within the period of three years after the day on which the entrepreneur becomes a permanent resident.
(4) An entrepreneur who becomes a permanent resident must provide to an officer evidence of compliance with the conditions within the period of three years after the day on which the entrepreneur becomes a permanent resident.
(5) An entrepreneur must provide to an officer:
(a) not later than six months after the day on which the entrepreneur becomes a permanent resident, their residential address and telephone number; and
(b) during the period beginning 18 months after and ending 24 months after the day on which the entrepreneur becomes a permanent resident, evidence of their efforts to comply with the conditions.
318. Terms and conditions imposed under the former Act become conditions imposed under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.
361. (1) If, before the day on which this section comes into force, a foreign national referred to in subsection (2) has been assessed by a visa officer and awarded the number of units of assessment required by the former Regulations, that assessment is, for the purpose of these Regulations, an award of points equal or superior to the minimum number of points required of
(a) a skilled worker, in the case of a foreign national described in paragraph (2)(a);
(b) an investor, in the case of a foreign national described in paragraph (2)(b);
(c) an entrepreneur, in the case of a foreign national described in paragraph (2)(c); or a self-employed person, in the case of a foreign national described in paragraph (2)(d).
(2) Subsection (1) applies in respect of a foreign national who submitted an application under the former Regulations, as one of the following, for an immigrant visa that is pending immediately before the day on which this section comes into force:
(a) a person described in subparagraph 9(1)(b)(i) or paragraph 10(1)(b) of the former Regulations;
(b) an investor; or
(c) an entrepreneur.
Application before January 1, 2002
(3) During the period beginning on the day on which this section comes into force and ending on March 31, 2003, units of assessment shall be awarded to a foreign national, in accordance with the former Regulations, if the foreign national is an immigrant who,
(a) is referred to in subsection 8(1) of those Regulations, other than a provincial nominee, and
(b) before January 1, 2002, made an application for an immigrant visa under those Regulations that is still pending on the day on which this section comes into force and has not, before that day, been awarded units of assessment under those Regulations.
... (5.1) Beginning on December 1, 2003, a foreign national who is an immigrant who made an application under the former Regulations before January 1, 2002 for an immigrant visa as an entrepreneur and whose application is still pending on December 1, 2003 and who has not, before that day, been awarded units of assessment under those Regulations must, in order to become a permanent resident as a member of the entrepreneur class,
(a) be determined to be an entrepreneur within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of those Regulations and be awarded at least the minimum number of units of assessment required by those Regulations for an entrepreneur; or
(b) be an entrepreneur within the meaning of subsection 88(1) of these Regulations and obtain a minimum of 35 points based on the factors set out in subsection 102(1) of these Regulations.
363. For greater certainty, section 98 does not apply in respect of an entrepreneur within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of the former Regulations who was issued an immigrant visa under subparagraph 9(1) (b)(ii) or (c)(i) of those Regulations.
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88. (1) Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent à la présente section. « entrepreneur » Étranger qui, à la fois :
a) a de l’expérience dans l’exploitation d’une entreprise;
b) a l’avoir net minimal et l’a obtenu licitement;
c) fournit à un agent une déclaration écrite portant qu’il a l’intention et est en mesure de remplir les conditions visées aux paragraphes 98(1) à (5).
98. (1) Sous réserve du paragraphe (2), l’entrepreneur qui devient résident permanent est assujetti aux conditions suivantes:
a) il a le contrôle d’un pourcentage des capitaux propres de l’entreprise canadienne admissible égal ou supérieur à 33 1/3 %; b) il assure la gestion de celle-ci de façon active et suivie;
c) il crée pour des citoyens canadiens ou des résidents permanents, à l’exclusion de lui-même et des membres de sa famille, au moins un équivalent d’emploi à temps plein dans l’entreprise canadienne admissible.
(3) L’entrepreneur doit se conformer aux conditions imposées pendant une période minimale d’un an au cours des trois années suivant le moment où il devient résident permanent.
(4) L’entrepreneur qui devient résident permanent fournit à l’agent, dans les trois ans suivant la date où il devient résident permanent, la preuve qu’il se conforme aux conditions imposées.
(5) L’entrepreneur fournit à l’agent :
a) au plus tard six mois après la date où il devient résident permanent, l’adresse de sa résidence et son numéro de téléphone;
b) à un moment quelconque au cours de la période commençant dix-huit mois après la date où il devient résident permanent et se terminant vingt-quatre mois après cette date, la preuve des efforts qu’il a déployés pour se conformer aux conditions imposées.
318. Les conditions imposées sous le régime de l’ancienne loi sont réputées imposées aux termes de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés.
361. (1) Si, avant l’entrée en vigueur du présent article, un étranger visé au paragraphe (2) a été évalué par un agent des visas et a obtenu le nombre de points d’appréciation exigés par l’ancien règlement, cette évaluation confère, pour l’application du présent règlement, un nombre de points égal ou supérieur au nombre minimum de points requis pour se voir attribuer :
a) la qualité de travailleur qualifié, dans le cas de l’étranger visé à l’alinéa (2)a);
b) la qualité d’investisseur, dans le cas de l’étranger visé à l’alinéa (2)b);
c) la qualité d’entrepreneur, dans le cas de l’étranger visé à l’alinéa (2)c); d) la qualité de travailleur autonome, dans le cas de l’étranger visé à l’alinéa (2)a).
(2) Le paragraphe (1) s’applique à l’étranger qui a présenté une demande de visa d’immigrant conformément à l’ancien règlement — pendante à l’entrée en vigueur du présent article — à titre, selon le cas :
a) de personne visée au sous-alinéa 9(1)b)(i) ou à l’alinéa 10(1)b) de l’ancien règlement;
b) d’investisseur;
c) d’entrepreneur.
Demandes : avant le 1er janvier 2002
(3) Pendant la période commençant à la date d’entrée en vigueur du présent article et se terminant le 31 mars 2003, les points d’appréciation sont attribués conformément à l’ancien règlement à l’étranger qui est un immigrant qui :
a) d’une part, est visé au paragraphe 8(1) de ce règlement, autre qu’un candidat d’une province;
b) d’autre part, a fait, conformément à ce même règlement, une demande de visa d’immigrant avant le 1er janvier 2002, pendante à l’entrée en vigueur du présent article, et n’a pas obtenu de points d’appréciation en vertu de ce règlement.
... (5.1) À compter du 1er décembre 2003, l’étranger qui est un immigrant et qui, avant le 1er janvier 2002, a présenté conformément à l’ancien règlement une demande de visa d’immigrant à titre d’entrepreneur et dont la demande est pendante le 1er décembre 2003 et qui n’a pas obtenu avant cette date de points d’appréciation en vertu de l’ancien règlement doit, pour devenir résident permanent au titre de la catégorie des entrepreneurs :
a) soit s’être vu attribuer la qualité d’entrepreneur au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de l’ancien règlement et obtenir au moins le nombre minimum de points d’appréciation exigés par l’ancien règlement à l’égard d’un entrepreneur;
b) soit avoir la qualité d’entrepreneur au sens du paragraphe 88(1) du présent règlement et obtenir un minimum de 35 points au regard des critères visés à son paragraphe 102(1).
363. Il est entendu que l’article 98 du présent règlement ne s’applique pas à l’entrepreneur, au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de l’ancien règlement, qui a obtenu un visa d’immigrant en vertu des sous-alinéas 9(1)b)(ii) ou c)(i) de ce règlement. |
FEDERAL COURT
NAME OF COUNSEL AND SOLICITORS OF RECORD
DOCKET: IMM-1419-09
STYLE OF CAUSE: ANILA GJOKA and
THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC SAFETY
AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
PLACE OF HEARING: Vancouver, British Columbia
DATE OF HEARING: September 1, 2009
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
AND JUDGMENT: Beaudry J.
DATED: September 22, 2009
APPEARANCES:
Peter A. Chapman FOR APPLICANT
Helen Park FOR RESPONDENT
SOLICITORS OF RECORD:
Cheng & Leung FOR APPLICANT
Vancouver, British Columbia
John H. Sims, Q.C. FOR RESPONDENT
Deputy Attorney General of Canada
Vancouver, British Columbia